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Click on images to view MPEG movies.
Patient with atypical chest pain and normal cardiac enzyme levels. MR angiography was requested to exclude dissection.
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Movie 4. (a) Sagittal oblique reformatted and (b) volume-rendered images show a normal aorta.
Movie 5. Corresponding navigator (VVE) fly-through sequence through the thoracic aorta (top left), and axial (top right), coronal (bottom right), and sagittal (bottom left) reconstructions. Note that there are relatively few artifacts, since contrast within the aorta is high and relatively uniform.
Asymptomatic patient with known infrarenal aortic aneurysm. MR angiography was performed for surveillance purposes.
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Movie 6. (a) Coronal oblique reformatted and (b) volume-rendered images show an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm. Note bilateral common iliac artery stenoses, more severe on the left.
Movie 7. Navigator sequence (top left) clearly demonstrates aneurysm and left common iliac artery stenosis. Note that left and right are reversed in the navigator frame, but orientation is correct in the reformatted views: axial (top right), coronal (bottom right), and sagittal (bottom left).
Patient with sudden onset of tearing chest pain and elevated creatinine. MR angiography was requested to evaluate for aortic dissection.
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Movie 8. (a) Coronal oblique and (b) sagittal oblique reformatted images from 3D gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography show a type A dissection.
Movie 9. MIP images.
Movie 10. Navigator sequence through the true lumen (top left), and axial (top right), sagittal (bottom left), and coronal (bottom right) views. Note marked compression of the true lumen by the false lumen.
Movie 11. Navigator sequence through the false lumen (top left), and axial (top right), sagittal (bottom left), and coronal (bottom right) views.
Movie 11 represents data from the second of two phases acquired from 3D gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography. The false lumen filled with contrast material later than the true lumen, and there was better enhancement of the false lumen during the second phase. The relatively low SNR of the second phase accounts for the large number of artifacts seen in the false-lumen navigator sequence. These artifacts can also be appreciated, although to a lesser extent, in Movie 10, which represents arterial phase data. Note the occasional discontinuity of the dissection flap, for example. Accurate depiction of a dissection flap is a difficult task for MR VVE; high spatial resolution and virtually no motion artifact are required to allow detection of the very narrow, low-signal-intensity flap interposed between regions of high vascular enhancement.
Young adult patient with hypertension unresponsive to medical therapy.
Figure. Conventional angiograms show beaded appearance of the main renal arteries bilaterally (right renal artery on the left and left renal artery on the right), consistent with fibromuscular dysplasia.
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Movie 12. (a) MIP and (b) reformatted images are less definitive than the conventional angiograms but nevertheless suggestive of the correct diagnosis.
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Movie 13. Navigator sequences through the (a) right and (b) left renal arteries also show a beaded appearance, with multiple shelflike projections within the lumen.
Patient with an ischemic lower extremity, presumably secondary to embolic disease.
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Movie 14. (a) Coronal and (b) axial reformatted images show severe atherosclerotic disease throughout the abdominal aorta.
Movie 15. Navigator sequence (top left), with axial (top right), sagittal (bottom left), and coronal (bottom right) views, shows numerous irregular plaques, likely the source of the lower-extremity emboli. These are not floating-shape artifacts.
Patient with abnormal chest radiograph and remote history of coarctation repair.
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Movie 16. (a) Volume-rendered and (b) axial reformatted images show a large aneurysm just above the site of the coarctation repair.
Movie 17. Navigator sequence through the complex aneurysm (top left), and axial (top right), sagittal (bottom left), and coronal (bottom right) views.
Patient with reduced lower-extremity blood pressure and rib notching on chest radiographs.
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Movie 18. Interruption of the aortic arch is demonstrated on (a) volume-rendered and (b) sagittal reformatted images, with numerous collaterals, dilated internal mammary and intercostal arteries, and dilated ascending aorta.
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Movie 19. Navigator sequences (a) below and (b) above the coarctation. Enlarged intercostal arteries entering the aorta are evident below the coarcation.
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Movie 20. Different patient than in Movies 18 and 19, with less severe coarctation. (a) Navigator sequence and (b) volume-rendered images. Note second coarctation of abdominal aorta on volume-rendered images.
Patient with long history of Takayasu arteritis affecting the aorta and great vessels. Aortic bypass graft was placed several years previously.
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Movie 21. (a) Volume-rendered image and (b) navigator sequence, with axial (top right), sagittal (bottom left), and coronal (bottom right) views, show occlusion of the proximal left subclavian artery, dilatation of the right subclavian artery, and diffuse narrowing of the descending thoracic aorta. The bypass graft is patent. Note that the three great vessel origins depicted on the navigator sequence represent the innominate, left carotid, and left vertebral arteries. The origin of the left subclavian artery is not seen.
Patient with a history of uncontrolled hypertension. Renal MR angiography showed normal renal arteries; however, a large lesion in the distal thoracic aorta was identified, and a second injection of contrast material covering the thoracic aorta was performed.
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Movie 22. (a) MIP and (b) sagittal reformatted images show a large focal lesion in the distal thoracic aorta. No enhancement was identified on delayed axial images.
Movie 23. Navigator sequence through arch and descending thoracic aorta (top left), with axial (top right), sagittal (bottom left), and coronal (bottom right) views, shows marked narrowing and luminal irregularity corresponding to the focal lesion. Note that the remainder of the aorta is virtually free of atherosclerotic disease; this finding diminishes the probability that the abnormality is simply a large focal plaque. At pathology, the lesion was an epithelioid angiosarcoma and consisted almost entirely of thrombus and necrotic tissue.
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