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Figure 1. Histologic zones of cartilage. A = superficial zone (consists of collagen fibers parallel to the articular surface, with flattened chondrocytes; provides resistance to shearing forces), B = intermediate zone (consists of collagen fibers oriented obliquely to the articular surface, with spherical chondrocytes; provides resistance to shearing and compressive forces), C = deep zone (consists of collagen fibers and chondrocytes in perpendicular orientation to the articular surface; resists compressive forces), D = calcified layer (consists of degenerated chondrocytes and osteoblasts, is penetrated by blood vessels from the diaphysis; joins cartilage to underlying bone). Sub. = subchondral.