The Visible Man: Three-dimensional Interactive Musculoskeletal Anatomic Atlas of the Lower Extremity1
Heung Sik Kang, MD,
Bo Hyoung Kim, MS,
Jae Wook Ryu, MD ,
Sung Hwan Hong, MD,
Hye Won Chung, MD,
So Yeon Cho, MD,
Young Hoon Kim, MD ,
Sung Il Hwang, MD,
Dong Kyun Jeong, BA and
Yeong Gil Shin, PhD
1 From the Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea (H.S.K., J.W.R., S.H.H., H.W.C., S.Y.C., Y.H.K., S.I.H.); the Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea (H.S.K., J.W.R., S.H.H., H.W.C., S.Y.C., Y.H.K., S.I.H.); and the Department of Computer Science, Seoul National University, Korea (B.H.K., D.K.J., Y.G.S.). Presented as an infoRAD exhibit at the 1998 RSNA scientific assembly. Received March 1, 1999; revision requested May 12 and received July 14; accepted July 26. Supported by grant HMP-98-G-1-002-A from the 1998 Highly Advanced National Projects on the Development of Biomedical Engineering and Technology. Address reprint requests to H.S.K.
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Figure 1. Data acquisition steps from the original photographs to the data structure appropriate for 3D reconstruction.
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Figure 2. User interface of the segmentation tool with all of the musculoskeletal structures in section 1,000 (thigh level) segmented and labeled. A = supporting tools, B = segmented transverse image, C = number of the segmented section, D = names of structures that can be labeled, m = muscle.
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Figure 3. Binary volume rendering process based on the shear-warp factorization of a viewing matrix and a section-based depth calculation method. RGB = red, green, and blue.
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Figure 4. User interface of the musculoskeletal anatomic atlas with results of rendering all segmented bones and tendons and one muscle (sartorius). Various user interactions are supported by user-friendly toolbars. Clicking the right mouse button anywhere within a 3D rendered structure produces a pop-up window of operations applicable to that structure.
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Figure 5. Rendering and rotation. Volume-rendered images show all segmented bones and the sartorius muscle (left) and rotation of the 3D image (right).
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Figure 6. Highlighting with artificial colors and transparency effect. Volume-rendered images of all segmented structures show highlighting of the sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, and vastus lateralis muscles with artificial colors before (left) and after (right) translucent skin clothing.
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Figure 7. Interactive 3D referencing. Volume-rendered images of all segmented structures show interactive referencing of the labeled information for the sartorius and tibialis anterior (ant) muscles before (left) and after (right) translucent skin clothing.
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Figure 8a. Browsing through 2D images with interactive referencing. (a) Transverse image shows the gluteus medius muscle selected for interactive referencing. (b) Reconstructed coronal image shows the semimembranosus muscle selected for interactive referencing. (c) Reconstructed sagittal image shows the soleus muscle and Achilles tendon selected for interactive referencing.
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Figure 8b. Browsing through 2D images with interactive referencing. (a) Transverse image shows the gluteus medius muscle selected for interactive referencing. (b) Reconstructed coronal image shows the semimembranosus muscle selected for interactive referencing. (c) Reconstructed sagittal image shows the soleus muscle and Achilles tendon selected for interactive referencing.
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Figure 8c. Browsing through 2D images with interactive referencing. (a) Transverse image shows the gluteus medius muscle selected for interactive referencing. (b) Reconstructed coronal image shows the semimembranosus muscle selected for interactive referencing. (c) Reconstructed sagittal image shows the soleus muscle and Achilles tendon selected for interactive referencing.
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Copyright © 2000 by the Radiological Society of North America.
