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Broncholithiasis: Review of the Causes with Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation¹

¹ From the Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 388-1 Pungnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea (J.B.S., K.S.S., J.S.L., I.S.L., T.H.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.M.G.); Institute of Radiation Medicine, SNUMRC, Seoul, Korea (J.M.G.); Department of Radiology, National Cancer Center, Seoul, Korea (H.Y.K.); and Department of Radiology, Seoul Municipal Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.W.S.). Presented as an education exhibit at the 2001 RSNA scientific assembly. Received January 31, 2002; revision requested March 19 and received May 1; accepted May 21. Address correspondence to J.B.S. (e-mail: seojb@www.amc.seoul.kr).

Broncholithiasis is defined as a condition in which calcified or ossified material is present within the bronchial lumen. Radiographic findings of broncholithiasis include airway obstruction such as atelectasis, mucoid impaction, bronchiectasis, and expiratory air trapping. Broncholithiasis is strongly suggested at computed tomography (CT) when an endobronchial or peribronchial calcified nodule is associated with findings of bronchial obstruction. Volume data acquisition by means of helical CT with sections less than 3 mm in thickness and multiplanar reformation along the bronchial tree are helpful in confirming the endobronchial location of the calcified material. The most common cause of broncholithiasis is erosion by and extrusion of a calcified adjacent lymph node into the bronchial lumen, a finding usually associated with tuberculosis or histoplasmosis. Other causes of broncholithiasis include (a) aspiration of bone tissue or in situ calcification of aspirated foreign material and (b) erosion by and extrusion of calcified or ossified bronchial cartilage plates. Primary endobronchial infections with dystrophic calcification, calcified endobronchial tumors, tracheobronchial diseases with mural calcification, and hypertrophied bronchial artery with intramural protrusion may mimic broncholithiasis. An awareness of the typical imaging findings of broncholithiasis, along with a knowledge of its various causes, help in establishing an accurate diagnosis to ensure proper case management.

© RSNA, 2002

Index Terms: Bronchi, stenosis or obstruction, 671.749 • Foreign bodies, in air and food passages, 60.811 • Lung, collapse, 60.749 • Lymphatic system, calcification, 996.816

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