Figure 3b. Combined surgical-endovascular treatment. (a) Drawing shows a long aneurysm involving the entire thoracic aorta. (b) The ascending aorta and aortic arch are replaced by a surgical graft. (c) The proximal end of a stent-graft is anchored to the distal end of the surgical graft. (d) The thoracic aorta is reconstructed by combining surgical and endovascular procedures.